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Caring for Our Shores – Chapter 1: Water, Shores, and Intertidal Ties

Caring for Our Shores – Chapter 1: Water, Shores, and Intertidal Ties …some different shore types and how to identify them …an introduction to our tides, and marine food web Tidal Force On the B.C coast, there are two unequal high tides and two unequal low tides each twenty-four hours. Intertidal exploring in the Strait of Georgia is best during those summer days when extremely low tides expose the shore. In the winter, night owls can take advantage of nighttime low tides. The greatest tidal ranges occur in June and again in December. In the Cowichan region ranges vary from 16 feet on the northeast side of Valdes Island, to 12 feet in Saanich Inlet. For approximate tides in your area, purchase a tide guide at your local marina, sporting goods store, or book store. Seashore Habitats The kinds of animals and seaweeds living on the seashore are determined by a variety of local conditions: salinity, or the concentration of saltwater, water movement, and the surface characteristics of the shore. While these are some of the more obvious conditions, it is important to remember that other factors like nutrients have big effects, but leave no immediate “footprint”. Salinity To an oceanographer, nearly all the Strait of Georgia is an estuary, a place where saltwater and freshwater mix. During times of high freshwater runoff, the eastern shores of Valdes, and Galiano Islands are bathed in mainly freshwater while the western shores are more than 67% saltwater. This huge freshwater input is from the Fraser River. Most marine animals cannot tolerate drops in salinity caused by such significant dilutions of saltwater with freshwater. If you live on one of the eastern Gulf Islands, you may be aware that the western shores of your island are much richer in marine wildlife than eastern shores. Similar differences also occur on a smaller scale in the estuaries of the Cowichan, Chemainus, and Nanaimo Rivers. Water Movement The Strait of Georgia does not generate the same continuous swells and oceanic waves as the open Pacific Ocean. In the open strait, waves occur during local storms or from passing boats, and are rarely higher than six feet. The areas most protected from waves such as Ladysmith Harbour experience warm surface water during the summer. Oysters require such warm water to spawn, and up until recently, Ladysmith Harbour was known as Oyster Bay. Where land masses constrict water passage, the rise and fall of the tides translates into currents, rapids, and overfalls. Whereas some marine wildlife live in quiet conditions, many sponges, bryozoans, and sea squirts thrive on surfaces in contact with currents. These attached creatures rely on the drifting food carried to them by moving water. Bull kelp also lives in near shore waters with tidal currents. In the Cowichan region, these kinds of bottlenecks occur at several inter-island passes including Gabriola Pass, and Sansum Narrows. The richness of life associated with high currents in Gabriola Pass led to its recommendation for Marine Protected Area (MPA) status. Surface Characteristics The characteristics of intertidal surfaces are important for marine animals and seaweeds. Is a surface hard or soft? Is it smooth, or does it have cracks and crannies? Is a shore made of stable rocks, or is it unstable like a muddy sand beach? Whether a shore is horizontal, sloped, or vertical is also an important factor in determining which marine wildlife will use it for a home. For examples of some of the dominant shore types found in the southern Strait of Georgia, visit our shore types page. Bioluminescence Have you ever been surprised by a ripple of sparkles in the moonlit sea? Waves hitting the shore or wading feet stir up the water and cause some resident phytoplankton to chemically produce light internally or bioluminesce. The best time to enjoy a sparkling swim or paddle is during the hot summer months when the plankton are growing well and the evening waters are not too cold. The type of phytoplankton responsible for this magical display are called dinoflagellates.   Back to Index Ahead to Section II: Living on the Ocean To order a copy of Caring for Our Shores: A Handbook for Coastal Residents in the Strait of Georgia, contact: The Cowichan Community Land Trust Society #6-55 Station Street, Duncan, B.C, V9L 1M2 P: 250-746-0227, F: 250-746-9607 The Marine Ecology Station Sidney, B.C, P: 250-655-1555 Images used with special permission from Kerry L. Werry. To view more pictures of ocean creatures found in B.C waters, visit the B.C Diving and Marine Life I.D Page.

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Caring for Our Shores – Section I

The intertidal zone is an exciting place where more than just the land and the ocean meet: it is a unique community where seaweeds and animals can survive both above and below the sea. Life in the intertidal zone (literally meaning “between the tides”) means adjusting to new conditions every time the tide changes–and this is happening nearly all the time. Imagine hiking up and down the walls of your house as the sun moves across the sky, all the while changing how much oxygen you breath and the costume you wear. This is life in the intertidal zone. Snails slide for cover under a seaweed hat; flower-like anemones transform into water saving blobs. Other creatures such as sculpins adjust slowly to the dropping salinity of their tidepool as it rains. Even barnacles batten down their hatches to avoid drying out. Ever changing conditions in the zone between high and low tide have created a richness of lifestyles and numerous adaptations. But even adaptations have limits: despite their versatility, most intertidal life will only survive within specific ranges. Along with competition for space and food, the effects of predators, tides, wind, sun, and air divide the intertidal zone into horizontal habitats. Back to Index Ahead to Chapter 1: Water, Shores and Intertidal Ties   To order a copy of Caring for Our Shores: A Handbook for Coastal Residents in the Strait of Georgia, contact: The Cowichan Community Land Trust Society #6-55 Station Street, Duncan, B.C, V9L 1M2 P: 250-746-0227, F: 250-746-9607 The Marine Ecology Station Sidney, B.C, P: 250-655-1555 Images used with special permission from Kerry L. Werry. To view more pictures of ocean creatures found in B.C waters, visit the B.C Diving and Marine Life I.D Page.

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Caring for Our Shores Book Index

Welcome to the contents page for Caring for Our Shores: A Handbook for Coastal Landowners in the Strait of Georgia. The handbook provides information for waterfront landowners in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, including: stewardship tips and property enhancement activities, maps of lower Vancouver Island’s east coast, an introduction to intertidal ecology, and illustrations. The following sites are summaries of some of the book’s chapters. I. Welcome to the Seashore Chapter 1: Water, Shores, and Intertidal Ties …some different shore types and how to identify them …an introduction to our tides, and marine food webs Chapter 2: Special Places …some unique marine places in the Cowichan Region II. Living on the Ocean Chapter 3: Let Nature Do the Work …how to minimize harm through careful building and landscaping Chapter 4: Down the Drain …exercising our power to preserve through smart household choices Chapter 5: Sewage and the Seashore …some facts on sewage and septic systems Chapter 6: Greening Your Land …important things to consider on your farm or in your garden Chapter 7: Out to Sea …ideas for boaters Chapter 8: A Visit to the Beach …ideas to consider when using your beach for recreation or harvesting Chapter 9: Commercial Uses of the Shore …monitoring the impacts of commerce and industry III. Mapping and Monitoring the Shore Chapter 10: Where to Start …steps for recording the diversity of your shore IV. The Law and the Shore Chapter 11: Public and Private Rights …your rights as a marine waterfront landowner Chapter 12: Legal Tools for Marine Protection …important legislation for the protection of waterfront habitat Chapter 13: Making a Case …some illegal uses of the shore and how to report them Appendices Appendix 1: Where to Get Help …numbers, information hotlines, and organizations related to the marine environment Appendix 2: Latin Names for Wildlife …scientific names for wildlife named in this book Appendix 3: References and Resources …helpful and interesting publications Appendix 4: Identification Key …a visual guide to some seashore creatures   To order a copy of Caring for Our Shores: A Handbook for Coastal Residents in the Strait of Georgia, contact: The Cowichan Community Land Trust Society #6-55 Station Street, Duncan, B.C, V9L 1M2 P: 250-746-0227, F: 250-746-9607 The Marine Ecology Station Sidney, B.C, P: 250-655-1555 Images used with special permission from Kerry L. Werry. To view more pictures of ocean creatures found in B.C waters, visit the B.C Diving and Marine Life I.D Page.

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Caring for Our Shores

“Caring for Our Shores: A Handbook for Coastal Landowners in the Strait of Georgia” by Shannon Cowan, Christy Wilson, and Bill Austin; published by the Cowichan Community Land Trust (Cowichan Intertidal Stewardship Project) and the Marine Ecology Station. This book is available from CCLT for $10 (plus postage and handling) for individual copies or $6 (plus postage and handling) for bulk orders from environmental organizations who wish to sell or redistribute them. For more information or to order contact CCLT This is the online summary of Caring for Our Shores: A Handbook for Coastal Landowners in the Strait of Georgia. The handbook is written for private landowners living on marine waterfront who want to preserve and maintain a healthy seashore. It is an introduction to marine wildlife in the protected waters of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, and a look at some of the positive things we can do to protect the shore. Because waterfront property is an attractive place to live, many of our activities concentrate along the shoreline. The beach is a place to relax, to harvest wild foods, and to appreciate spiritual and aesthetic values. It is also a place where a delicate band of wildlife depends on a unique habitat for survival. This habitat–called the intertidal zone–can be very sensitive to activities that occur on adjacent lands. Taking care to protect this fragile place on the edge of our properties is a form of stewardship. Click here to see the Table of Contents and browse through some of the book. Visit the Intertidal Stewardship Project page to learn more about that project. To order a copy of Caring for Our Shores: A Handbook for Coastal Residents in the Strait of Georgia, contact: The Cowichan Community Land Trust Society #6-55 Station Street, Duncan, B.C, V9L 1M2 P: 250-746-0227, F: 250-746-9607 The Marine Ecology Station Sidney, B.C, P: 250-655-1555 Images used with special permission from Kerry L. Werry. To view more pictures of ocean creatures found in B.C waters, visit the B.C Diving and Marine Life I.D Page.

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Blue Orchard Bee

About 80% of the agricultural crops in British Columbia depend on pollination by bees. Unfortunately honey-bee populations have been drastically reduced by mite infestations that originated from an infested honey-bee population that was illegally imported to Vancouver Island. This decline in honey-bee populations and pollination has meant that our native Blue Orchard or Mason bee (Osmia lignaria Cresson) has become more important to agricultural production dependent on pollination. This is mainly because the Blue Orchard bee is an efficient pollinator. For example, only 250 females are required to pollinate an acre of apples and proper care of these bees can ensure that they are not affected by mites. However, these native bee species need our help to increase their populations because they are so negatively affected by human impact on the land. Because the Blue Orchard bee build their nests in hollow stems or naturally occurring holes, changes to our natural surroundings, through urbanization and logging, reduce natural nesting sites for these native bees. Human-made nesting boxes provide a viable nesting site for these valuable bees and bring many benefits to your garden or property. Nesting boxes are easy to make and we also have ready-made boxes available at our office. The Blue Orchard Bee Initiative In 1997, the Cowichan Community Land Trust Society (CCLT) initiated the Blue Orchard Bee Initiative. CCLT is promoting a friendly addition to your farm or garden by informing people about these special bees and how to provide habitat for them. The Blue Orchard Bee (Osmia lignaria Cresson) is a gentle, solitary bee native to western North America that has been getting a lot of attention lately. “Why all the fuss?”, you might be tempted to ask, thinking the problem of crop pollination will take care of itself. Unfortunately, it is not that simple. As scientists have found, this little insect is very selective in choosing nesting places. Not being a borer itself, it searches for ready-made holes, preferably in pine, fir, or hemlock that are exactly 5/16″ in diameter and 4″ deep. Not finding any it will die. Nesting boxes provide these bees with much needed nesting sites and can be manufactured either from a 4” x 4” wooden block or wooden trays with channels cut into one side that are then stacked to form a single nesting unit. Blue Orchard Bee Condo Wooden block nests are made from untreated 4″ x 4″ wood blocks using a brad point bit. The bee prefers holes spaced ¾” apart from their centers and must be sealed on one end. By drilling through the block and screwing a piece of plywood on the end the sealed end can be removed to make cleaning these nest holes easier and more effective. Ready-made nesting blocks are now available at our office. Alternatively, nesting trays can be made from pieces of wood measuring 6”x 3 ½” x ¾”. By routering a channel to form a 5/16” groove ending within ½” of the end of each piece of wood, nesting tunnels can be created by stacking these nesting trays. (diagram available at our office) Trays should be tightly bolted or taped together to keep nesting tunnels dark and placed in an additional wooden casing to prevent predation by wasps. Trays have an extra advantage of being easily cleaned of mite infestations. In October cocoons can be removed from trays and cleaned in lukewarm water to remove any mites. Trays can then be properly cleaned and the cocoons can be placed in tissue paper in small cardboard boxes with a small exit hole (the size of a pencil). Bees will emerge from their cocoon in the spring to seek out the cleaned nesting trays. The best place to hang the box is under eaves with a southern exposure to optimize morning sun and protection from rain. Blue Orchard bees show a preference for sunny sites as long as their nesting holes are shaded. The bee makes several chambers in each hole, each with an egg and pollen supply. Starting from the end of each hole, they make a bed of pollen (it’s food for the larva) and lay a single egg on top of it. Afterwards, they close this one inch long nursery by erecting a mud wall, separating it from other consecutive chambers, and sealing the last one with an extra heavy mud plug, guarding the eggs from predators. Moist mud must be available nearby to make the rough textured plugs between chambers. Each Blue can lay 35 eggs which would fill a dozen holes in your condo. The larvae hatch and pupate, and develop into adults. These cocoons remain dormant until the next spring. The adults are normally active from late April to early June, but emergence can be delayed to pollinate later crops by refrigerating the nesting blocks in October at 35-40°F. If delaying is necessary, the nests should be gently taken down, kept upright, and put in paper bags with a damp cloth to ensure adequate moisture. The Ministry of Agriculture recommends an integrated approach to encourage the protection and enhancement of habitat for wild pollinators. Avoiding disturbance to soils and natural vegetation is one way to protect wild bee habitat. Significant drops in wild pollinator populations were noticed in certain areas after serious soil or vegetation disturbances. The goal is to minimize the use of chemical control for economic reasons in some commercial productions. Nesting bee boxes can also help, and are being recommended by our current BCMAFF. For additional information, please read this document prepared for us by Gord Hutchings of Hutchings Bee Services. Or view Mr. Hutchings’ videos on YouTube. About the Blue Orchard Bee The Blue Bee The Blue Orchard Bee is only 2/3 the size of the honey bee, that is approximately 1/2 of an inch. It is black with a shiny blue metallic patch on its back and has, just as the honey bee does, a double wing on each side of its body. It has been noted that the blue

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Creature Feature

Vancouver Island is home to an abundance of wildlife and their related ecosystems. Some of these are now threatened due to urban advancement and habitat degradation. Some of the species at risk are as follows: MARBLED MURRELET (Brachyramphus marmoratus) The marbled murrelet, a small seabird which nests in the coastal, old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest, is listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. In North America, the birds’ range stretches along the Pacific coast from the Bering Sea to central California with the largest populations occurring in southeastern Alaska and northern British Columbia. The murrelet’s dependence on old-growth nesting habitat and use of coastal marine feeding areas have brought it into frequent conflict with human economic interests, especially in the southern portion of its range where small, geographically concentrated populations are especially vulnerable to extirpation. However, both natural and human-related factors may be contributing to the species’ decline; potential causes include the loss of suitable nesting habitat, accidental death in gill-nets, oil pollution, increases in predator populations, and declines in food supplies due to recent El Nino events. The Marbled Murrelet could easily lay claim to the title “most mysterious bird on the Pacific coast of Canada.” It nests on the mainland in almost total obscurity, although people who fish and boat along the British Columbia coast during spring and summer (when the birds are nesting) often see Marbled Murrelets out on the water. Amazingly, in the 200 years that the species has been known to science, observers in British Columbia have seen only one occupied nest, in 1990. The story is the same over the whole of the murrelet’s North Pacific range (see map). To date, there are just over a dozen recorded sightings of occupied nests from Canada, Japan, Russia, and the United States. PURPLE MARTINS (Progne subis) The Purple Martin is a conspicuous bird in many populated areas of North America during spring and summer. Averaging 17 to 20 cm in length, it is Canada’s largest swallow. The Purple Martin resembles other swallows in having a slender body, long wings, and a wide beak. The tail is forked but not deeply as in some other swallows. Male martins, with their dark plumage, often appear to be black, but on bright sunny days their shiny blue-black coloration is clearly visible. Female martins are lighter in colour, with a pale grey throat and belly. By the time they have left the nest, young martins of both sexes resemble adult females. Young males only become dark at their second breeding season. The Purple Martin breeds throughout much of southern Canada, including Nova Scotia, the southern portions of New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba; southern and central Saskatchewan; and north-central Alberta. In British Columbia, martins are found in the Peace River region, southern Vancouver Island, and the extreme southwestern mainland. Martins are much less common in western Canada than in the eastern provinces. Martins arrive in Canada in early spring, usually in early April in Quebec and Ontario and from late April to early May in other areas. Martins have been banded, or tracked by placing a numbered aluminum band around the leg, for many years. Recoveries of banded martins have provided extensive information about the movement of these long-distance migrants. Of the adult birds banded and sighted again, most had returned to the breeding colonies where they were banded or to one near by. Banded nestlings have also typically returned to their home colonies to breed, although a few young bred hundreds of kilometers from their birthplace. Banding has also provided information on the lifespan of martins. Most martins live to four or five years. The oldest martin on record is an eight-year-old recaptured at its breeding colony. The ability of martins to find their colony is remarkable. In one experiment, adults that were transported several hundred kilometers from their nesting colonies returned in a matter of days. SHARP TAILED SNAKE (Contia tenuis) This is a small, slender snake 20-45 cm from snout to vent. It is coppery or reddish on the back, with darker sides. The belly is whitish with a half-moon shaped crossbar on each scale. The tail is tipped with a small spine. A variety of habitats are used by this snake ranging from Garry oak grasslands to forest. It is usually found near water or in clearings near forests. When the soil is damp it spends much of time under rocks or logs, but when the soil dries out it will retreat underground. Sharp-tailed snakes are rare, and seem to occur in widely scattered populations. They are most active on the surface in early spring and again in late fall. They eat primarily small slugs, and have special long teeth for biting them. It is a Red-listed species in BC and confirmed occurrences of sharp-railed snakes have been recorded at only seven locations in BC, all on southern Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. These snakes are very secretive and hard to find, making population sized difficult to estimate. In BC, sharp-tailed snakes are at the northern extremity of their range, and it is unlikely they were ever abundant. Conservation efforts have recommended private landowners avoid using pesticides and chemical slug-bait, and try to maintain natural area with protective cover in your yard. COMMON RINGLET (Coenonympha california insulana) The common ringlet’s wing colour ranges from dark orange-brown to pale cream with the underside of the forewing usually having a small eyespot near its tip. The underside of hindwing is gray-green with a wavy white median line and has a total wing span of 1 1/3 – 1 1/2 inches (3.4 – 3.8 cm) and they have a characteristic bouncing flight pattern. This butterfly is extremely variable geographically, with at least 4 subspecies. They may be found in suitable habitats in the Pacific Northwest from southwestern BC to Oregon, including the San Juan Islands and Garry oak ecosystems. In the 1950’s this subspecies was one of the most abundant butterflies on Vancouver

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Creek Brochures

Natural History creek brochures are now available for order from the Cowichan Community Land Trust office. Our Natural Heritage Historical and ecological stream information has been collected from government databases and long time residents and used to develop stream specific information brochures. Brochures are available on the following Cowichan Valley creeks: Shawnigan, Porter, Rocky, Averill, Stocking, Bonsall, Garnett, Somenos, Bings and Richards Creeks. Free to stewards and members. There is a nominal charge to recover printing costs on bulk orders. Contact CCLT Sponsored by the previous Urban Salmon Habitat Program -BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks-Fisheries Section

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Environment Tips

Homemade Natural Cleaning Products by Allison Dick from HGTV Make cleaning safer for your family and the environment. A lot of over-the-counter cleaning products are harsh, abrasive and even potentially dangerous to your home and family. If you are concerned about risks to your health or the environment, you may want to consider using homemade, all-natural cleaning products instead. Read on find some easy-to-make and effective homemade cleaning products. White Vinegar (Don’t use Malt!) The queen of getting it clean, white vinegar, is mildly acidic and disinfecting. It’s great for removing calcium deposits, such as those in your humidifier. It’s also a potent grease and stain remover. You can use it to clean hard surfaces such as countertops and glass. White Vinegar Recipes: Dusting Spray: Combine 1 tsp olive oil and ½ cup of vinegar. Store in a squirt bottle or keep in a jar. Apply small amount of mixture to a soft cloth for use on your wooden furniture. Glass/Hard Surface Cleaner: Combine ½ cup white vinegar with a gallon of water. Soak cloth, ring it out slightly and use on your surface. Keep a clean chore towel handy for drying. Fabric Softener: Add 1/4 cup white vinegar to your washer’s final rinse cycle. Pure Soap Pure soaps, such as Castile, don’t contain any synthetic colours, scents or additives and are usually available in health and natural product stores. Pure soap is great for basic light cleaning and can be combined with a few drops of an essential oil for an added air-freshener effect. Lemon Juice Lemon juice is a great grease-cutter. When washing your dishes, add it to your water along with a pure soap. Lemon juice is also great for cutting through grease on porcelain and aluminum. Lemon Juice Recipe: All-Purpose Cleanser: Combine ½ cup of pure soap, such as Castile, with one gallon of hot water and 1/4 cup of lemon juice. Salt Salt is a great basic scrub that will give you extra cleaning power. Great for smaller jobs like removing tea stains from the inside of cups or cleaning out the coffee pot. Just fill pot with ice-cubes, pour in some salt and swirl. Baking Soda Baking soda is another effective scrub and a gentler alternative to salt. You can also place an open box in your fridge and freezer to help eliminate odors. Recipes for Baking Soda: Bathroom Tub and Tile Cleaner: Soak a firm bristle brush in a good all-purpose cleaner. Then add baking soda for extra cleaning power. You can also clean grout by combining one part water and three parts baking soda to make a scrub. Sink Scrub: Combine equal amounts of salt and baking soda to make a scrub for your kitchen sink. and there’s more tips below… Tips for Living Green from Greenpeace “We are all part of the environment and what we do to the environment, we do to ourselves”. Choose from a list of categories on their website for more information: Reduce, reuse, recycle Green tips for everyday Basic ingredients for green cleaning Basic recipes for green cleaning In the kitchen In the bathroom In the laundry room Indoor pests In the yard Outdoor pests Starting a compost At work After school In your community 10 Ways to Help the Oceans from the Canadian Wildlife Federation Web Site Choose items with reusable or recyclable packaging. Don’t litter—this will help reduce the chance of sending litter to the oceans where it could entangle or choke sea turtles, seals, and other wildlife. Use rechargeable batteries. Dispose of toxic waste such as paints, old batteries, and medicine bottles through proper toxic waste facilities and pick-up services. Promote the use of non-toxic cleaners at home and at school. Keep lawns free of chemicals or fertilizers at home and school. Walk or bike whenever possible, rather than ride in a car. Turn off lights when leaving the room. Turn off appliances (such as TVs, VCRs, and computers) when they are not in use. When traveling, stay at ocean-side resorts that do not endanger coastal habitats (such as beaches, dunes, and marshes) through practices like excessive night lighting, over-development, and high-impact recreational activities.   Water Conservation – Save Water 49 Ways from americanwater.com SAVING WATER INDOORS Never put water down the drain when there may be another use for it such as watering a plant or garden, or cleaning. Verify that your home is leak-free, because many homes have hidden water leaks. Read your water meter before and after a two-hour period when no water is being used. If the meter does not read exactly the same, there is a leak. Repair dripping faucets by replacing washers. If your faucet is dripping at the rate of one drop per second, you can expect to waste 2,700 gallons per year which will add to the cost of water and sewer utilities, or strain your septic system. Check for toilet tank leaks by adding food coloring to the tank. If the toilet is leaking, color will appear within 30 minutes. Check the toilet for worn out, corroded or bent parts. Most replacement parts are inexpensive, readily available and easily installed. (Flush as soon as test is done, since food coloring may stain tank.) Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily. Dispose of tissues, insects and other such waste in the trash rather than the toilet. Take shorter showers. Replace you showerhead with an ultra-low-flow version. Some units are available that allow you to cut off the flow without adjusting the water temperature knobs. Use the minimum amount of water needed for a bath by closing the drain first and filling the tub only 1/3 full. Stopper tub before turning water. The initial burst of cold water can be warmed by adding hot water later. Don’t let water run while shaving or washing your face. Brush your teeth first while waiting for water to get hot, then wash or shave after filling the basin. Retrofit all wasteful household faucets by installing aerators with flow restrictors. Operate

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